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#orogeny

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💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Atop The Oregon Cascades, [Research] Team Finds A Huge Buried Aquifer
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eurekalert.org/news-releases/1 <-- shared technical article
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doi.org/10.1073/pnas.241515512 <-- shared paper
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usgs.gov/centers/oregon-water- <-- shared USGS technical article, 2011, ‘McKenzie River Source Water Study’
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youtu.be/6R8e5HwGMwU?si=sniW4b <-- shared media video overview
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #model #modeling #water #hydrology #Oregon #Cascades #CascadeMountains #PNW #PacificNorthwest #volcanic #rocks #aquifer #waterresources #watermanagement #climatechange #snowpack #drought #spatialanalysis #CriticalZone #geohazards #geology #engineeringgeology #landscapes #weathering #bedrock #holocene #groundwater #structuralgeology #orogeny #remotesensing #geophysics #sampling #drilling #porosity #permability #tomography #lava #spring #seep #breccia #discharge #streams #runoff #precipitation #climate #rainfall #recharge

photo - Scientists examine a large-volume spring in young volcanic rocks of the McKenzie River watershed on the west side of the Cascade topographic crest that was monitored as part of this study. Credit: Benjamin Nash
map, photo and charts - (A) Electrical resistivity tomography of Olallie North Spring, which emerges along a flow contact of _25 ka Scott Mountain lava flows. Lateral variations correspond to spring discharge points along the lava flow basal breccia such as depicted in (B) (photo: Benjamin Nash). (C) Mean of total yearly range in discharge _Q divided by mean annual flow Qavg versus average upstream age for springs and streams. The horizontal line defines “spring-” versus “runoff-” dominated. (D) SD of yearly average summer discharge (June–September), normalized by Qavg, with CZ state shift labeled.
maps and chart - (A) Distribution of geothermal drill holes. Thin black circles’ radii scale with total logged length, and colors indicate the fraction of length for which dT=dz < 20_C/km (implying downward flux of meteoric water). Red circles are the fraction with inverted gradients (dT=dz < 0_C/km). The purple contour indicates bedrock ages <2 Ma, while stars mark Holocene age phreatomagmatic eruption vents. (B) Two example temperature-depth logs from deep wells in old and young bedrock. (C) Porosity (blue) and resistivity (orange) in the Santiam Pass drill hole SP 77-24. Dashed lines indicate low porosity at high measured resistivity. (D) Chemical weathering tracked by oxidation state of iron in the Santiam Pass drill hole. The green box indicates range of Quaternary High Cascades lavas (SI Appendix), indicating that much of the SP 77-24 hole has been oxidized.
maps and cross section - Oregon Cascades study site. (A) Topography, rivers (from USGS blue lines), stream gauges, lakes, and faults. Olallie North Spring (ONS) and HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) are labeled. (B) Surface bedrock ages (18), geothermal drill holes, and Quaternary volcanic vents (19). Labeled vents exhibited Holocene phreatomagmatic activity: Sand Mountain volcanic field (SMF), Blue Lake Crater (BLC), Twin Craters (TC). Gray areas are mapped as “Sedimentary deposits and rocks” in ref. 18. (C) Cross-section of swath topography and surface bedrock ages (N-S average of _4 km from Santiam Pass, pink box in panel A), with subsurface structures based on published geologic maps (SI Appendix). The proposed Critical Zone (CZ) state shift and physiographic “Western” and “High” Cascade provinces are labeled. (D) Temperature gradient versus depth in drill holes from panel (C). Near-isothermal or inverted temperature gradients define the “rain curtain.”
Public
💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Just One Long Mountain Range
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vividmaps.com/central-pangean- <-- shared article
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H/T Tasa Graphic Arts
When we think of mountain ranges, we don't usually think of them for what they really are, geological formations that can span the entire planet. However, that's exactly what this map depicts. It shows how the Appalachian mountains in the U.S. actually connect with the Scottish Highlands, the hills of Ireland, Scandinavian Mountains, the east side of Greenland and the Atlas Mountains. When all of these places were once joined together, these ranges formed the Central Pangean Mountains millions of years ago.
#GIS #spatial #mapping #GreaterAppalachia #Laurussia #Gondwana #Pangaea #geology #structuralgeology #mapping #topography #orogeny #geologichistory #mountainrange #mountains #global #tectonics #platetectonics #RenuniteGondwanaland

map - North Atlantic - showing applachian mountains 'extension' across to africa, europe and greenland
satellite view - remote sensing - false colour - Atlas Mountains, from Copernicus
geology map, central Pangean mountains
photo - path across the Scottish Highlands
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Chris White

When (micro)continents collide

#Silurian or #Devonian #metasediments / pellitic #schists / sulfidic schists
North Pack Monadnock, south central New Hampshire USA

Intensely folded rocks

Merrimack / Central Maine Trough smashed as #Avalonia joined Laurasia to start assembling Pangea in the #Acadian #Orogeny, about 375 million years ago.

Knowing some #geology makes hiking more fun!

Normally proportioned geochemist forelimb for scale
My #photo
Fujifilm X-H1 16 mm f/1.4 @ f/4 ⅛ s ISO 200 (IBIS)

The image is a color digital photograph 2 wide by 3 high. A finger is pointing to hard, tightly folded metamorphic rocks, which ripple across the frame.
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💧🌏 Greg Cocks

Scientists May Have Solved The Mystery Of How The Andes Got So Big
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sciencealert.com/scientists-ma <-- shared article
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doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.11 <-- shared paper
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[although my postgrad was in geology and I am licensed in the field, it has been a number of years since I worked directly in a geologic discipline; that said, I very much like to try and keep up with ‘things geology’…]
#GIS #spatial #mapping #geology #southamerica #data #modeling #model #mathematics #mathematicalmodeling #structuralgeology #andes #chile #peru #platetectonics #tectonics #tectonic #movement #mountain #mountainbuilding #remotesensing #geologists #orogeny #vulcanism #pointers #APM #RPM

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Chris White

Quincy or #BlueHills #Porphyry #Granite
An alkaline, nonorogenic granite intruded into #Avalonia in the #Silurian / #Ordovician as it cruised from peri-#Gondwana to #Laurentia, before assembling #Pangea in the #Acadian #Orogeny (#Devonian). It’s coarse, with the #phenocrysts of amphiboles(?) (possibly riebeckite?)…I’m no petrologist. From@the Eaton’s Pond conservation area@at the #Braintree #Quincy border. My photos.
#geology #igneous #Massachusetts #Boston #NewEngland #Fujifilm #photo

A macro photograph shows a centimeter scale phenocryst of a dark mineral, probably an amphibole, in a ground massof quartz and feldspar.
An abandoned quarry appears below and left of a line of pitch pines.
Public
Robin Lacassin

I asked #openai #GPT-3 #AI #LLM to write something about the #orogeny in the #Andes.

Well written, but verbose and without much meaning. It basically repeats the prompt's ideas introducing some new details. However it's not enough to say that something is important, you have to explain why. A student giving such an answer will get a bad mark.

I'm not surprised as there is no intention, no understanding by the AI. But such a text can impress / convince a naive person on the subject, and even perhaps even some decision-makers and managers of science.

Screen-shot of CPT-3 result
#scicom#bullshit#tectonics
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