@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

Braun & Bechtold stress that diets were a diplomatic sphere sui generis, especially with regard to the ceremonial, that differed not only from courtly #diplomacy but also from #emdiplomcy at #peacecongresses, although both of course were points of references.
Furthermore, they ask for more comparative studies that compare the Imperial diet in its different forms as diplomatic spheres and places of international interaction with other assemblies of the estates, such as the Swiss Tagsatzung or the Polish Sjem.
Only the, can we understand the characteristics of #emdiplomacy at assemblies of the estates. (7/7)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

Because of ceremonial difficulties for foreign diplomats and other points of conflicts Braun stress that the perpetual diet could not fully develop its supranational dimension despite Regensburg being an important international meeting point. (6/7)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

Bechtold and Braun describe the Imperial diets as a “dual sphere of non-permanent multilateral diplomatic interaction”, meaning on the one hand they where a place for internal diplomatic interaction between the members of the #HRE. On the other hand, the diets were news hubs and attracted the attention of foreign powers who sent their diplomats to the diet in order to gather news and advance their own interests.
Moreover, especially in the 17th and 18th c foreign powers held territories within the #HRE making their diplomats not only visitors to the diet but members. E.g. Sweden held several votes in the college of princes. (5/7)

Brunell’s stationing in Hesse-Kassel coincided with the last years of the #GreatNorthernWar. After the Swedish territories in the north of the #HRE had been occupied by #Sweden’s enemies in 1715, a huge number of Swedish soldiers and sailors who either lost contact with their units or were escaped prisoners of war, came to Hessen-Kassel to seek help from the Swedish #resident there and the landgrave, the father-in-law to the Swedish king’s sister, to find a way back to #Sweden or at least Swedish territory. During a five years’ time, the Swedish residents in Hesse-Kassel and especially Brunell were occupied with organising how these people should be handled. Brunell negotiated with the landgrave about passports, money, and provisions. (3/5)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #Hesse #earlyModern #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

#Rubens was the son of Flemish refugees in the #HRE. He was born in #Siegen in 1577. Later his family moved back to #Antwerp. Rubens received a humanist education. In 1592 he began his apprenticeship as an artist which he concluded six years later. Between 1600 and 1608 he stayed in #Italy. During this time, in 1603, he was dispatched on his first diplomatic mission. On the commission of the Duke of #Gonzaga, he handed over gifts to king Philip III of #Spain. However, he used his stay there to deepen and refine his artistic skills through studying the royal art collection. (2/6)

#emdiplomacy #earlymodern #NewDiplomaticHistory #histodons #history #courtStudies #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

Anton Meuting was son of Lukas Meuting, a merchant from #Augsburg who worked for the famous House of #Fugger. His brother-in-law did not only establish the branch of the trading company of the House of #Welser, the second famous Augsburg based merchant and banking family, at the Spanish #court but also provided an excellent and exceptional education abroad for Anton, including the acquisition of language skills in Spanish, the practising of a ‘courtly’ habitus and building up a network of contacts. Thus, Anton Meuting was well connected to the two most important European merchant families of his time.

By the way, did you know that these competing merchant families are now united in their very own museum?

https://www.fugger-und-welser-museum.de

(2/6)

#earlymodern #emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #Spain #courtStudies #history #histodons #HRE #trade #adventCalendar #EconomicHistory #AdventCalendar2024

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

He was the offspring of a family of the petty nobility in #Lorraine whose members had established themselves as state servants in the archbishoprics of #Trier and #Mainz. Alexander von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads followed their footsteps. After his university studies in #Padua in 1630, he took a position as an Imperial councillor. Later he was appointed prothonotary in #Bohemia. (2/6)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #CourtStudies #HRE #histodons #history #earlymodern #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

His career as a Swedish #diplomat came to an end in the 1680s due to a conflict with members of the Swedish government on the state’s foreign policy. In 1687 #Pufendorf finally requested his resignation.

Already the following year he entered into Danish service and was dispatched to the #PerpetualDiet in #Regensburg as representative of the Danish king.

However, although it was not unusual for #earlymodern state servants and #emdiplomats to change employer, the Swedish government resented Pufendorf’s decision, probably because he chose Sweden’s fiercest rival. As a consequence, the Swedish Supreme court issued a verdict the year after Pufendorf’s death in which he was declared deprived of his land, property and life. (4/5)

#emdiplomacy #HRE #NewDiplomaticHistory #histodons #history #AdventCalendar #AdventCalendar2024

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

Shortly thereafter Pufendorf’s diplomatic career took off. In 1661 he accompanied the Swedish #ambassador to #England as a secretary. The following year #Pufendorf was sent to East #Prussia for negotiations with the coastal cities. In 1664 he joined the Swedish #embassy in #Paris where he stayed until 1670. That year Pufendorf was transferred to the Swedish duchies of #Bremen and #Verden and appointed councillor. In this capacity he continued his diplomatic activities in Northern Germany. In 1671 he became Swedish ambassador at the Imperial #court in #Vienna. (3/5)

#emdiplomacy #CourtStudies #NewDiplomaticHistory #HRE #history #histodons #AdventCalendar #AdventCalendar2024

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

We are well informed on Lauck’s journey to #Augsburg and his stay and activities at the #ImperialDiet in 1582 due to his diary, a unique source which provides insights not only in traveling activities as well as the work and duties of a princely representative at a diet. Moreover, we can take part of Lauck’s every day-life, thinking and perception of the world. For more information see:

Maximilian Lanzinner, Warten auf den Reichstag. Lebenswelt und politische Kommunikation des hessischen Gesandten Dr. David Lauck im Jahr 1582, in: Michael Rohrschneider / Arno Strohmeyer, Hg., Bayern – Heiliges Römisches Reich – Friedensstiftung. Ausgewählte Abhandlungen zur frühneuzeitlichen Geschichte, Münster 2023, 283–310. (4/4)

#emdiplomacy #HRE #NewDiplomaticHistory #Hesse #emdiplomacysSources #history #histodons

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

During his employment as councillor, he also was sent on diplomatic missions. In addition to commissions that led him to neighbouring Imperial cities and duchies, he also was appointed envoy to the #Emperor in #Vienna and #Prague in 1577 and 1585 respectively. Moreover, he attended the Imperial Diets in #Regensburg and #Augsburg in 1576 and 1582 where he both times signed the final act, the so called #Reichsabschied, on behalf of the landgrave of Hesse-Marburg. (3/4)

#emdiplomacy #earlymodern #HRE #ImperialDiet #NEwDiplomaticHistory #history #histodons #Hesse #adventcalender2024 #adventCalendar

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

Lauck graduated from the #university of #Marburg in 1548. He started his career as a scribe and interpreter for the French #envoy in Marburg. However, after a few years he continued his studies abroad in #Paris, #Bourges, #Bologna and #Padua. In 1559 where he had acquired a doctorate both in civil and church law from the university of Bourges. Thereafter, he entered into the service of Philipp, landgrave of #Hesse, and worked at the Hessian Supreme court (#Hofgericht). After the death of his master Lauck became a councillor in the chancery of Philipp’s son Louis of Hesse-Marburg. (2/4)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #court #history #histodons #earlymodern #HRE #adventcalendar #AdventCalendar2024

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

Brederode used his academic knowledge and his connections to the #republicOfLetters as diplomatic means. Especially, in the early years in the #HRE he wrote many tracts and treatises that he sent to all kinds of political actors among the Imperial estates. An important topic was the confessional conflict and its implications for foreign policy and especially the issue whether it was possible to trust the other confessional party.

If you want to know more about Brederode and his mission to the #HRE in the early years, we can recommend:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43572115

@historikerinnen @histodons @earlymodern

He had studied law in Leiden, Orleans and Geneva, where he also worked for the lawyer Denys Godefroy. In 1602 he was sent by the Dutch States General to Frankfurt to act as a contact person to the Protestants Imperial Estates in the #HRE. He held this position for almost thirty years. But the first seven years were special and even more precarious than the job of an #emdiplomat usually, as the Dutch were regarded as rebels against the Spanish rulers. In 1609, the Dutch and Spain concluded a truce that at least for the moment guarenteed the Dutch an official status as souvereign diplomatic actors. This secured Brederode’s status and thus simplified his diplomatic day-to-day life profoundly. (2/3)

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

Key to his success was his promotion to chamberlain to the later Emperor Ferdinand III. The two shared a close relationship of trust, that allowed Trauttmansdorff to expand his position as main advisor, after Ferdinand III became Emperor in 1636. At court he controlled access to the Emperor.
When it was decided to sent Trauttmansdorff to the #peacecongressOfWestphalia it was a clear signal that Ferdinand III took the negotiations seriously, sending his most trusted advisor who had been involved in all the important diplomatic negotiations in the #HRE in the last 20 years.
Trauttmansdorff had an exceptionally wide scope of action, having e.g. participated in writing his own secret instruction. Here the Emperor's red lines were defined that were only known to Trauttmansdorff and kept secret even from his Imperial colleagues. (3/4)